P, or p-value, quantifies the probability of observing data under the null hypothesis.
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The null hypothesis assumes no effect or difference; p-values help test this assumption.
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P-values are calculated using statistical tests, reflecting the likelihood of results occurring by chance.
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A lower p-value indicates stronger evidence against the null hypothesis, typically below 0.05.
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If the p-value is less than 0.05, results are considered statistically significant, leading to rejection of the null hypothesis.
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P-values do not measure the size of an effect or prove a hypothesis; they indicate probability.
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P-values are widely used in scientific research to validate findings and assess hypotheses across various fields.
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